Frontiers of protected areas versus forest exploitation: Assessing habitat network functionality in 16 case study regions globally

Exploitation of natural forests forms expanding frontiers. Simultaneously, protected area frontiers aim at maintaining functional habitat networks. To assess net effects of these frontiers, we examined 16 case study areas on five continents. We (1) mapped protected area instruments, (2) assessed their effectiveness, (3) mapped policy implementation tools, and (4) effects on protected areas originating from their surroundings. Results are given as follows: (1) conservation instruments covered 3–77%, (2) effectiveness of habitat networks depended on representativeness, habitat quality, functional connectivity, resource extraction in protected areas, time for landscape restoration, “paper parks”, “fortress conservation”, and data access, (3) regulatory policy instruments dominated over economic and informational, (4) negative matrix effects dominated over positive ones (protective forests, buffer zones, inaccessibility), which were restricted to former USSR and Costa Rica. Despite evidence-based knowledge about conservation targets, the importance of spatial segregation of conservation and use, and traditional knowledge, the trajectories for biodiversity conservation were generally negative.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01628-5.     

Linking Chemistry to Law in Environmental Forensics

The right to a healthy environment is of capital importance, which is why this matter calls for a detailed study, taking into account implications of both chemistry and law. The present study describes the current level of environmental protection, significant pieces of legislation, and five case studies regarding human rights violations. It reveals reports concerning air quality in Romania and in Europe. A large body of evidence emphasizes that permanent legislation revisions and new legal implementations place Europe on the right track, but plenty of issues remain to be solved until main pollutant emissions drop and the environmental situation becomes at least satisfactory.     

LFSA-GC技术测定水体臭气

介绍了一种水体臭气的定量测定方法—单向一次性吹脱测臭 (LFSA -GC)技术 ,并用该方法对武汉东湖水体的一种致臭物质geosmin进行了定量测定。     

战时火力发电厂防护措施优选方法研究

针对火力发电厂的核心部位薄弱环节现状,从现代战争攻击的目标看,发电厂必须采取有针对性的防护措施。结合火力发电厂的防护措施,根据其防护性能,建立指标体系,并利用灰色关联分析建立模型。通过模型对指标体系进行分析,达到对防护措施进行优选的目的。该评估指标体系的建立及基于灰色理论评估模型的建立,对于火力发电厂防护措施的优选具有一定的现实意义,对于大坝、核电站、机场等重要目标防护措施的优选具有借鉴和参考价值。     

Global reforestation and biodiversity conservation

The loss of forest is a leading cause of species extinction, and reforestation is 1 of 2 established interventions for reversing this loss. However, the role of reforestation for biodiversity conservation remains debated, and lacking is an assessment of the potential contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation globally. We conducted a spatial analysis of overlap between 1,550 forest-obligate threatened species’ ranges and land that could be reforested after accounting for socioeconomic and ecological constraints. Reforestation on at least 43% (∼369 million ha) of reforestable area was predicted to potentially benefit threatened vertebrates. This is approximately 15% of the total area where threatened vertebrates occur. The greatest opportunities for conserving threatened vertebrate species are in the tropics, particularly Brazil and Indonesia. Although reforestation is not a substitute for forest conservation, and most of the area containing threatened vertebrates remains forested, our results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the potentially significant contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation. If implemented, reforestation of ∼369 million ha would also contribute substantially to climate-change mitigation, offering a way to achieve multiple sustainability commitments at once. Countries must now work to overcome key barriers (e.g., unclear revenue streams, high transaction costs) to investment in reforestation.     

对稳定浓度目标下温室气体排放路径的探讨

为研究稳定浓度目标下温室气体排放路径的不确定性问题,应用温室气体导致气候变化评估模型( MAGICC模型)和WRE排放情景的数据对2100年温室气体浓度控制在450和550 ppmvCO2当量目标下的排放路径及浓度变化情况进行了研究.结果显示,目标年浓度的变化取决于起始年至目标年的累计排放量和摊放路径.将排放路径峰值逐渐调整滞后时,为保证累计排放量不变,需在到达峰值后比原排放路径进行更大力度的减排.温室气体浓度在预测期内将逐渐增加,但目标年的结果变化较小,约为浓度变化最大值的1/3左右.将WRE350和WRE450排放路径的峰值分别调整至2020年和2035年时,与原排放路径相比,浓度改变的最大值分别为6.4 ppmv和22.8 ppmv,而2100年浓度的改变值分别为1.9 ppmv和7.5 ppmv.     

Biodiversity conservation research challenges in the 21st century: A review of publishing trends in 2000 and 2011

The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 recognizes the increasing importance of scientific knowledge to support conservation policies and decision making. In this study, we assessed the tendency of such knowledge in the first decade of the 21st century. We carried out a systematic review of publications in biodiversity conservation, considering the following aspects: type of research, main topic of study, object of study (i.e. biodiversity organizational level, taxonomic groups and ecosystems), pressures and drivers of change, as well as geographical distribution. In total, 966 publications were analyzed within the three journals with higher academic reach in the field under study: Biodiversity & Conservation, Biological Conservation, and Conservation Biology. Our results show that there are several biases in scientific knowledge associated with the object of study, and analyzed drivers of changes, as well as geographical distribution. However, research trends are not uniform along the first decade of 21st century, as there are some differences between 2000 and 2011 regarding the main topic of the study, the spatial scale and geographical region, and the analyzed ecosystems. We finally discuss the implications of current knowledge trends in biodiversity conservation for achieving the targets delineated by the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020.     

生活垃圾转运站恶臭污染指标初探

报道了广州部分垃圾转运站恶臭指标的检测结果.发现国家标准(GB14554-1993)中的单项污染物指标的测定值大多远低于标准限值,而综合指标臭气浓度普遍超标,两类指标间存在严重不符.利用SAS统计软件综合分析各指标的检测数据,结果表明,垃圾转运站臭气中恶臭指标的含量存在较大的变异,且在垃圾站内的变异程度更大;恶臭单项指标在垃圾站内和垃圾站边界点的测定均值问无显著差异;臭气浓度和恶臭单项指标整体间可能存在一定的线性关系,但和某个具体的恶臭指标的线性相关性并不显著.     

The Why,What, and How of Global Biodiversity Indicators Beyond the 2010 Target

Abstract: The 2010 biodiversity target agreed by signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity directed the attention of conservation professionals toward the development of indicators with which to measure changes in biological diversity at the global scale. We considered why global biodiversity indicators are needed, what characteristics successful global indicators have, and how existing indicators perform. Because monitoring could absorb a large proportion of funds available for conservation, we believe indicators should be linked explicitly to monitoring objectives and decisions about which monitoring schemes deserve funding should be informed by predictions of the value of such schemes to decision making. We suggest that raising awareness among the public and policy makers, auditing management actions, and informing policy choices are the most important global monitoring objectives. Using four well‐developed indicators of biological diversity (extent of forests, coverage of protected areas, Living Planet Index, Red List Index) as examples, we analyzed the characteristics needed for indicators to meet these objectives. We recommend that conservation professionals improve on existing indicators by eliminating spatial biases in data availability, fill gaps in information about ecosystems other than forests, and improve understanding of the way indicators respond to policy changes. Monitoring is not an end in itself, and we believe it is vital that the ultimate objectives of global monitoring of biological diversity inform development of new indicators.     

炼油厂污水处理场恶臭污染源调查及预测研究

主要对某炼油厂污水处理场恶臭污染源进行调查,确定出了重点污染源与重点污染物。以污水场曝气池为例,使用风洞采样器进行采样,三点比较式臭袋法测定恶臭浓度,确定面源源强。通过恶臭评估软件预测出一次浓度、日均浓度、夏季平均浓度和全年平均浓度,并对预测结果进行了验证。